Listen to 702 DZAS Kaliwanagan Kay Kristo (a segment of Tanglaw sa Landas ng Buhay of Back to the Bible Philippines) every Tuesday and Thursday 7:00PM.
These past few weeks I talked to a couple of professors who have liberal views concerning the authorship and formation of many of the books of the Old Testament. Na surprise din ako na both of them actually teach at very conservative Bible schools. What I mean here by conservative Bible schools ay mga schools na naniniwala sa conservative views sa authorship ng first five books of the Bible na si Moses, authorship ni Daniel sa book of Daniel at naisulat nung panahon ni Nebuchadnezzar around 550BC, single authorship ng book of Isaiah at hindi dalawa o tatlong Isaiah, at iba pa. Ang mga professors na ito ay nagtuturo na hindi si Moses ang may akda ng first five books before 1400BC, o bago pumasok sila Joshua sa promise land, but they propose that the Pentateuch was written at the time of the Babylonian exile around the 6th century BC ng di kilalang writer or writers.
Sa episode na ito pag uusapan natin ang mga foundational na mga kaisipan ng pananaw na ito. So nasa claim pa rin tayo na "Moses did not write the Pentateuch" at ang support diyan na sasagutin natin ay "Dahil ang Pentateuch was compiled from different sources from between the 8th century to the 5th century BC."
Ang pinakakilalang proponent at may extensive na ginawa on the idea na hindi si Moses ang author ng Pentateuch ay si Julius Wellhausen isang 19th century na German scholar and theologian, na nagpanukala na ang Pentateuch ay galing sa iba't ibang Jewish sources o traditions na nagsulat ng kani-kanilang interpretation concerning sa kaganapan sa kanilang bayan under the regime of empires. Meron po siyang pinaliwanag na apat na litarary sources from different time periods and places. Ang tawag dito ay documentary hypothesis o ang acronym na JEDP.
So, ano meaning ng mga letra na yan sa JEDP?
Yung isa ay Yahwist literature o tradition, represented by the letter J at most probably daw ay galing sa Judah o yung Southern Kingdom ng divided Israel. Naalala po ninyo marahil na pagkatapos ng paghahari ni Solomon na divide ang kingdom sa alitan ni Rehoboam at Jeroboam nung 9th century BC. Nahati sila sa Northern Kingdom of Israel at Southern Kingdom of Judah. Nagsulat ang mga Yahwists daw sa Southern Kingdom of Judah.
(A little note lang po: si Moses lived around 15th century BC o yung period na 1500-1401BC kasi ang 100-1 BC ay 1st century.)
Yung isa ay Elohist, letter E at sinulat ng mga writers na naka base sa Northern Kingdom of Israel subalit sila daw ay nawala nung malipol ng Assyrian ang Northern Kingdom na ito nung 723BC.
Deuteronomistic, D naman ay naisulat as writers “reflect[ed] on the loss of the kingdoms soon after the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 587–586 BCE following the conclusion of 2 Kings.”*
Ang P, priestly -
- is considered late in the development of the final form of the Pentateuch, since the priests emerged as the leaders and wielders of power only after the return from exile (after 538 BC). Therefore, most of the priestly material, in the form we have it now, is usually understood as post-exilic in the fifth century BC or later.†
So far po walang documentary evidence na naipapakita pa ang mga proponents nito samantalang ang early dating which is true Mosaic authorship ay meron as evidence by some of the oldest OT copies we have found sa Qumran. These Dead Sea Scrolls of the OT are literary declarations ng Mosaic authorship.
Kung paano ito napagtanto ni Wellhausen ay galing sa maraming reasons one of which is yung paggamit ng divine names na Yahweh at Elohim. So para kanila pag nabasa sa Bible na ang ginamit na name ni Lord ay Elohim, galing yon sa tradition ng Elohists, kung Yahweh, galing yon sa tradition ng Yahwists. Kung interesado pa kayo ng karagdagang inforation dito, pumunta lang po kayo sa fb page at maglalagay ako doon ng mga links for your additional understanding.
Ang JEDP is trying to solve a problem -- this problems is the impetus o nagbunsod sa mga scholars para bigyan ito ng solusyon. Sa madaling salita, pag natukoy natin ang problemang ito ay higit nating mauunawaan kung saan nga sila nanggagaling at kung paano tayo bilang mga conservative believers tutugon sa mga bagay na ito.
So ano ang problemang gusto nilang solusyunan? Yan po ay ang kanilang conclusion na ang Pentateuch ay tila baga walang unity, watak watak at contradictory. Para solusyunan ito, gumawa sila ng hypothesis na tinawag nilang JEDP, na kaya siya fragmented ay galing siya sa iba't ibang sources at yung akala natin na si Moses ang author ay mali. Ang sabi ng isang propesor na ito, ang Genesis 1 daw ay naka pattern sa Enuma Elish at yung pagtugon na yon ng mga Elohists ay kinasihan daw ng Panginoon, o God-breathed daw yon, kaya dapat nating tanggapin natin itong Word of God.
Paano ka sasagut dito? Una muna, kailangan nating maunawaan na ang Pentateuch ay may development din at pinanggalingan na fragments. Subalit contrary sa sinasabi ng mga liberal professors na ito, ang pagbubuo ng Pentateuch ay nangyari din sa time ni Moses at binuo din ni Moses making him the author of the Pentateuch.
Pangalawa, hindi fragmented literature ang Pentateuch before 550BC. Nang binuo ito ni Moises at linagyan ng finishing touches ni Joshua, we have here a story that is unified concerning the redemptive acts of God simula pa kay Adan. Ang story ng Pentateuch is one story na inakda ni Moses. Wala pang evidence na naipakita ang mga JEDP subalit tayo ay meron na that we have one Pentateuch or Torah.
Sa kanilang unang problema na watak-watak, we agree in part. But it was Moses who collated, written, compiled sources and commissioned Joshua to finish what he wasn’t able to finish. This is the reason why they did a unified body of literature as they are being led by the Spirit. So Jesus was correct in referring to Moses when he was quoting portions of the Torah.
Bakit po mahalaga sa atin ang topic na ito? Dahil po sa ang katotohanan ng Salita ng Diyos ay nakaugat sa Katotohanan ng ating Diyos. Kapag hindi si Moses ang nagsulat, lalabas na hindi alam ni Kristo na siya ang may akda at from time to time iku-quote niya ang Pentateuch at sasabihin na “Moses said.” Sabi din ng ating Panginoon sa John 5:46-47 “For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote of me. 47 But if you do not believe his writings, how will you believe my words?”
(C) Photo Credits
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* Gary N. Knoppers, Jonathan S. Greer, "Deuteronomistic History," http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0028.xml
† Dennis Bratcher, "JEDP: Sources in the Pentateuch," http://www.crivoice.org/jedp.html
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